印度网友问提问：中国和印度为何发展差距这么大？(附2023年最新排行榜前十排名名单)

过去十几年虽然印度的发展非常快速，综合国力也有不小提升，这让印度网民和学者有了同中国比肩的错觉。如果说1962年的中国经济实力还在赶超印度的漫漫征途之上，今天的中国经济对印度已经拥有全面“碾压”式优势。中国GDP几乎是印度的五倍，中国高度工业化，而印度还处于初级阶段。在美版知乎Quora上，印度网友提问道：中印资源差不多，为何发展差距变得这么大？这个问题引起各国网友的围观和热议，我们看看他们的观点。

问题

海外网友波尼•阿迪亚塔的回答

“China developed faster than India”

“中国确实比印度发展得快很多。”

China used more concrete in three years than the USA did in 100 years of the 20th century

中国在三年内使用的混凝土数量比美国在整个20世纪使用得都多。

中美混凝土使用量对比

Which means that there are so many buildings, roads, hospitals, toilets, homes, Schools, Recreation centers, i.e. You can’t have a civilization in a Desert，the whole Chinese Mainland is already an oasis of prosperity.

这意味着短时间内有这么多的建筑、道路、医院、厕所、家庭、学校、娱乐中心被建造出来，在沙漠中不可能有文明，整个中国大陆已经是一片繁荣的绿洲了。

To have a civilization you need Infrastructure. The history of USA begins with revolutions - the rail road connecting the west to east - the inter state highways etc…

一个文明的跨越式进步，需要基础设施的升级。就像美国的历史始于工业革命——然后建造了连接东西的铁路——州际公路等等…

It is easier to show than to tell. Let me show you a few maps and try to figure out why China is developing faster than India.

用图表展示一下你更容易理解。让我给你看几张地图，试着帮你弄清楚为什么中国的发展速度比印度要快得多。

Exhibit 1 - USA/美国

Exhibit 2 - CANADA/加拿大

Exhibit 3 – Europe/欧洲

Exhibit 4 – China/中国

Exhibit 5- India/印度

Do you see the yellow lines? The yellow lines are six lane express ways - Interstate high speed lines. Do you see how many highways exist in USA? USA is filled with yellow lines - These yellow lines are like high speed - 1GBPS optical fibers laid across the country i.e. I can take my huge truck full of cars from one corner of my country to the other without applying any brakes in full throttle and conduct my business.Generally speaking, the two major factors that have the greatest impact on the distribution of traffic lines are generally economy and population.

你看到那些黄线了吗？它代表是六车道高速公路-州际高速线。你知道美国有多少高速公路吗？美国到处都是黄线，这些黄线就像是高速的1GBPS光纤，遍布全国，也就是说，我可以把装满汽车的大卡车从我的国家的一个角落运送到另一个角落，而不需要全速刹车，就可以开展业务。一般来说，对交通线路分布影响最大的两大因素一般为经济和人口。

Now COMPARE USA with CANADA.

现在比较一下美国和加拿大。

In Canada - Unfortunately only three cities are well connected with Highways - Toronto - Ottawa - Montreal - Qubec city and Nova Scotia - The rest of he nation is a barren waste land - Yes people live there but - they are virtually disconnected - unless they are willing to fly!

在加拿大-不幸的是，只有三个城市的高速公路比较发达-多伦多-渥太华-蒙特利尔-魁北克市和新斯科舍-该国的其他地区是一片贫瘠的荒地，是的，少数人口住在那里，但他们只能靠飞机长途出行！

So is USA better than CANADA - Not Really - USA has a better climate than Canada - If Canada was not the SIBERIA of AMERICAS it would have been filled with mesh of express ways like USA.

所以，这代表美国比加拿大好吗？也不是，加拿大和西伯利亚气候差不多，美国的气候比加拿大好得多，如果加拿大有美国一样的气候和人口，它会像美国一样布满高速公路网。

美国东北部

EUROPE VS RUSSIA/欧洲VS俄罗斯

The tale repeats - The most concentration of expressways is in a few countries

欧洲诸国

同样——高速公路最集中的几个国家：

Netherlands - Belgium Germany -Denmark - France - Have this tightly knit spider web of express ways - Check them out

人口密集，经济发达的地区，如荷兰-比利时，德国-丹麦-法国，一般有着紧密相连的高速公路网，看看吧。

CHINA vs INDIA/中国vs印度

Now let us take a look at china - They laid so many roads that it is filled with express ways - six lane roads

现在，让我们看看中国——他们铺设了如此多的道路，网络纵横交错，六车道道路在各大城市中间穿越而过。

Compare that with India

与印度相比

India has only two express ways - For a country of Billion People

印度只有两条高速公路，这是一个拥有十亿人口的国家。

印度铁路

(1) New Delhi - Agra - Lucknow - The Yamuna Express way - (Vishal Khanna - Thanks for the edit )-

（1） 新德里-阿格拉-勒克瑙-亚穆纳高速公路-（Vishal Khanna-感谢编辑提醒）

(2) Ahmedabad to Vadodara - Barely visible on this map

（2） 艾哈迈达巴德至瓦多达拉高速公路

PAKISTAN - It has one huge expressway connecting - Islamabad - Lahore - Peshawar - Thank to CHINA.

巴基斯坦-它有一条连接伊斯兰堡-拉合尔-白沙瓦的高速公路-感谢中国帮助修建。

What is TRADE?

什么是贸易？

(1) MANUFACTURING AND SERVICES - Development Products (R&D) or People (training)

第一步： 制造和服务-开发产品（研发）或人员（培训）；

(2) LOGISTICS - The movement of Goods or People

第二步： 物流-货物或人员的流动；

(3) SALES AND MARKETING - The art of Selling Goods or People

第三步：销售和营销-销售商品或人员的技能和服务。

There are tons of other factors involved in trade and development - like Imports - Exports - Comparative Advantage - Exchange Rates - Fiscal Policy - Monetary Policy

贸易和发展涉及大量其他因素——如进口、出口、比较优势、汇率、财政政策、货币政策等。

Let us ignore all of them for a moment - Let us consider internal trade of various countries.

让我们暂时忽略所有这些因素——让我们考虑一下各国的内部贸易。

The hallmark of a developed country is the ease of trade - The ease of starting a business.

发达国家的标志是贸易的便利性和创业的便利性。

If I do not have a place to sit - i.e. to set up shop - Where would I start Manufacturing or Training People

In India - If I wish to set up a factory - I would not have any buildings - I would not find any free space - If I do find a free space - There would be tons of red tape before I can get approvals - If there is no infrastructure to begin with I would not be able to do anything.

在印度-如果我想建立一个工厂-开工建设不会有任何扶植政策-简单找一块场地都很难-如果我找到了一块空地开工-在我获得批准之前会有大量的繁文缛节-如果没有公路、电力、网络、水源等基础设施，我什么也做不了。

I visit the local government school and I find that the roof leaks when it rains - does not have a fan in hot summer - is not connected by roads - the roads that are laid - were laid ten years ago and are now filled with pot holes. LOGISTICS i.e. the art of moving goods - there are no roads - There are no air ports - there are no shipping ports. SALES and MARKETING - selling Indian Goods - is pain not just in the head but all over!

我参观了当地政府学校，发现下雨时屋顶漏水-在炎热的夏天没有风扇-没有道路连接-铺设的道路还是十年前的，现在布满了坑洞。物流，即运输货物-没有道路-没有航空港-没有航运港。销售和营销-销售印度商品-没有专业人员，这不仅是让人头痛，是全身都痛！

You will understand this because - every Indian Good falls short in quality - according to international standards - most of the Indian goods are discarded i.e. thrown away because they don’t fit the requirements set by the buyer. Corruption is not a problem - it never was - Businessmen would earn more profits to pay for the corrupt - but the problem is that the corrupt money is not being used for infrastructure - China is as corrupt as India!

你会理解这一点，因为根据国际标准，每一件印度商品的质量都不合格，大多数印度商品都被丢弃，即因为不符合买方的要求而被丢弃。腐败不是一个问题-从来都不是-商人会为腐败赚取更多利润-但问题是在印度腐败的钱根本没有被用于基础设施建设！

What is China Doing?

我们看看中国在做什么？

China has many structural advantages compared to India

与印度相比，中国有许多结构性优势

The people of this country are mostly atheists and pragmatists. It is a secular country. The culture of this country is eclectic and allows all kinds of legal religions and cultural kaleidoscopes to exist. However, if a certain culture and religion run counter to the interests of the people and the development of the country, it will be opposed by the people and banned by law.

这个国家的人民多是无神论者和实用主义者，是个世俗化国家，这个国家的文化兼收并蓄，允许各种合法的宗教和文化万花筒存在，但如果某种文化和宗教与人民利益和国家发展相违背，它就会被人民反对，法律取缔。

It is a very good thing - China had a clean slate - a fresh slate - a slate cleansed with blood of many people who died during the struggle. China has abandoned all superstitions and decadent old cultures and opened up a new path for its own development. India on the other hand lives in these superstitions -

这是一件非常好的事情-中国是一块干净的石板，一块全新的石板，一块用在斗争中牺牲的先烈的鲜血清洗过的石板。中国抛弃了所有迷信和腐朽的旧文化，为自己的发展开辟了一条新路径，另一方面，印度生活在这些迷信中-

China is a machine good at reverse learning, and they are good at making profits

中国是一个善于逆向学习的机器，他们擅长盈利

If the business model is effective - they will learn - they will learn iPhone - not only mobile phones, but also the software store iStore - which is an incredible achievement - they will learn KFC - they will learn McDonald's, that is, there is a McDonald's chain store in China - but it is not owned by McDonald's. They have their own Facebook - they have their own Uber - they have their own twitter. They have also created many internationally leading enterprises, such as tiktok, which makes other companies try to copy China's achievements.

如果商业模式有效-他们会学习-他们学习Iphone-不仅是手机，还有软件商店Istore-这是一个令人难以置信的成就-他们学习肯德基-他们学习麦当劳，即在中国有一家麦当劳连锁店-却不是麦当劳所有。他们有自己的facebook-他们有自己的uber-有自己的twitter，他们还创造了许多国际领先的企业，如TIKTOK，这使得有其他公司开始试图复制中国的成就。

The entire chinese state understood - the necessity of development - and they are pushing for it at any cost. Most of the chinese cities are covered with smog - but chinese can’t afford to stop their development - They need to make goods - services and sell them to make profits - as long as they make profits they develop，make people's lives better.

整个中国国家都明白发展的必要性，他们不惜一切代价推动发展。中国出现过一些环境问题，但在进行环境治理的同时，中国人没有停止自己的发展-他们需要制造商品-服务，并出售它们来赚取利润-只要他们能从发展中获利，让人们生活变好。

The Chinese are done with roads within their country - They are now hell bend on REBUILDING THE SILK ROAD - CONNECTING TO EUROPE - which means direct trade with Europe - The richest parts of the world - Germany - UK - France - Spain - Greece - Russia - Belgium - Netherlands - Which will make china a lot lot richer - they will make tons and tons of money - which means more roads and more and more investments.

中国人已经完成了国内的道路建设-他们现在正在全力重建丝绸之路-连接欧洲-这意味着与欧洲直接贸易-世界上最富裕的地区-德国-英国-法国-西班牙-希腊-俄罗斯-比利时-荷兰-这将使中国变得更加富裕-他们将赚很多很多钱-这意味着更多的道路和更大规模的投资。

The Chinese are done with Rails - Now they are building railways in Africa - The chinese firms are now done with building railways in their own nation - They can only maintain the existing railways - there is no scope left for new ones. They built railways to the farthest reaches of China - They often crossed borders with their railways into India - Not at all funny. They are now making strategic development investments in many countries - Pakistan - African Nations - Bangladesh - Myanmmar - They are willing to throw trains at anyone who needs help and have something to offer to china in return - even debt!

中国人已经完成了铁路建设-现在他们正在非洲建设铁路-中国公司现在已经完成了自己国家的铁路建设，他们修建了通往中国最远边区的铁路——他们可以通过铁路跨越边境进入邻国。他们现在正在许多国家进行战略发展投资-巴基斯坦-非洲国家-孟加拉国-缅甸-他们愿意向任何需要帮助的人造火车，修铁路。

The Chinese are done with PORTS - All these are ports developed by China

中国人已经完成了港口建设——所有这些都是中国独立开发的港口

China's economic growth engine depends on exports to a large extent, and export trade is mainly done by ships, and a few are done by roads or railways. The globalization process is taking place in container terminals, ports and oceans. Unfortunately, most of India's ports are not suitable for docking international ships - funny but true - India has never tried to invest in building its ports into world-class ports, and the Chinese have large shipping ports not only at home but also internationally-

中国的经济增长引擎在很大程度上依赖于出口，而出口贸易主要是通过船舶完成的，少数才是通过公路或铁路。全球化进程正发生在集装箱码头、港口和海洋，不幸的是，大多数印度-港口不适合停靠国际船舶-搞笑但真实的是-印度从未尝试投资将其港口建设成为世界级大港，而中国人不仅在本国而且在国际上拥有大型航运港口-

The Chinese are NOT Done with AIRPORTS YET - But they will be done with ports by 2020

中国人还没有完成机场的建设覆盖，但他们已在2020年完成主要航空港的建设规划。

The only comparable infrastructure of India with China is in terms of AIRPORTS - India can compete with China on air traffic.

印度与中国唯一可比的基础设施是机场——印度可以在空中交通方面与中国竞争。

But this too will pass - With China building hundreds of airports - by 2020 they will induct more than 100 new airports - to tackle the extreme congestion and delays in air port travel across the nation.

但这也会过去-随着中国建设数百个机场-2020年之后，它们将引入100多个新机场-以解决全国各地航空港口旅行的极端拥堵和延误问题。

I WILL SUM IT UP

总结一下

各国专利排名

India pales in comparison to China in International Patents

印度在国际专利方面与中国相形见绌

NOTHING CAN BE DONE WITHOUT INVESTMENT IN INFRASTRUCTURE - i.e. utilization of WEALTH to create more WEALTH - which starts a virtuous cycle

没有对基础设施的投资——即利用财富创造更多财富——这将启动良性循环，任何事情都无法完成

It is equivalent to investing in education in the first 20 years of your life - China learned how to develop profit-making machines and invested in them in the 20 years from 1980 to 2000 - building cities, trailers, roads and railways, designing everything, vigorously building, selling and so on;

相当于在你生命的前二十年投资于教育-中国在1980年至2000年的二十年时间里学习了如何开发盈利机器，并对其进行了投资-建设城市、拖车、公路、铁路，设计一切，大力地建造、销售、如此重复；

make - sell - repeat; after millions of these selling cycles to international customers - The Country is now reaping the fruits of its investments made decades ago and pursued relentlessly. In short, China is doing the right thing.

制造-销售-重复；在向国际客户进行了数百万次这样的销售周期后，该国现在正在收获几十年前的投资成果，并坚持不懈地追求更大的发展。简而言之，中国正在做对的事。

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海外网友亚历山大德斯的回答

The biggest period of difference came between 1978 - 2000. Before that India and China went quite parallel. Even as late as 1991, India and China were equal in Per Capita incomes. After 2000, India's growth rate has come close to China's levels. It is the inbetween 25 years where China rocketed beyond the reach of India.

最大的差异出现在1978年至2000年之间。在此之前，印度和中国的情况相当相似。即使是在1991年，印度和中国的人均收入也相当，2010年后，印度的增长率才开始接近中国的水平。正是在这25年间，中国的发展超过了印度。

中印人均GDP发展趋势图

Population Dividend: China's population policy has created a period of fewer children, fewer elderly people and more workers. The working population has expanded rapidly, and they have obtained new job opportunities in infrastructure construction, which is an important factor in GDP growth. The demographic dividend is very rare. China cashed this check in the 1980s and 1990s. India is expected to reap this dividend in the 2020s.

人口红利：中国的人口政策造成了一个孩子少、老人少、工人多的时期，工作人口迅速膨胀，他们在基础设施建设方面获得了新的工作机会，这是GDP增长的一个重要因素。人口红利是很难得的，中国在80年代和90年代兑现了这张支票。预计印度将在21世纪20年代获得这一红利。

中国男女识字率增长曲线

Different concerns about human development: China has rapidly increased the literacy rate of its residents. By 1981, the literacy rate of Chinese women was twice that of Indian women. This gap continues to this day. This is a huge advantage for the industry accompanying the opening up. The same is true of other human development indicators (such as health), and Mao's performance is much better than that of India's leaders. Nehru is daydreaming on a global scale, and his priority should have been to abolish infrastructure like illteracy.

对人类发展的不同关注：中国迅速提高了居民的识字率。到1981年，中国女性识字率是印度女性的两倍。这种差距一直持续到今天。这对伴随开放而来的行业来说是一个巨大的优势。其他人类发展指数（如健康）也是如此，中国毛主席的治理比印度领导人要好得多。尼赫鲁在全球范围内做白日梦，而他的首要任务本应是清除文盲。

1. Look at how China's life expectancy caught up to Europe. India never had such jump. [Click to Zoom]

1.看看中国的预期寿命如何赶上欧洲，印度从未有过这样的飞跃。

各国人均寿命趋势

2. Very late opening up: India's PV Narasimha Rao came 13 years late and lost his mojo within 3 years of opening up the economy in 1991. Even today, Indian educated class has a tough time accepting the reality of Capitalism.

2.开放太晚：印度的PV Narasimha Rao迟到了13年，在1991年开放经济的3年内失去了他的魔力。即使在今天，印度受过教育的阶层也很难接受资本主义的现实。

3. Not enough emphasis on infrastructure: In 80s, 90s China had a rapid infrastructure push. Roads, railways and airports were built at a record pace. China's government structure allows for quick land acquisition. India's democratic structure and outdated land laws don't allows for rapid land acquisition.

3.对基础设施的重视不够：上世纪80、90年代，中国基础设施建设发展迅速。公路、铁路和机场以创纪录的速度建设。中国可以迅速获得批文然后建设。而印度的政治结构和过时的土地法不允许中标方快速获取土地然后开工。